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�I� �r r� r| zA Python integer object.r� � int_or_boolz#A Python integer or boolean object.�boolzA Python boolean object.r� zA Python float object.� bytes_or_strz*A Python bytes or (Unicode) string object.�byteszA Python bytes object.rg zA Python bytearray object.rk z!A Python (Unicode) string object.�NonezThe Python None object.r� zA Python tuple object.�listzA Python list object.�dictzA Python dict object.�setzA Python set object.� frozensetzA Python frozenset object.�bufferz A Python buffer-like object.�anyz Any kind of object whatsoever.�markaz 'The mark' is a unique object.
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int whenever possible.
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distinct type in 2.3, builtin names True and False were also added to
2.2.2, mapping to ints 1 and 0. For compatibility in both directions,
True gets pickled as INT + "I01\n", and False as INT + "I00\n".
Leading zeroes are never produced for a genuine integer. The 2.3
(and later) unpicklers special-case these and return bool instead;
earlier unpicklers ignore the leading "0" and return the int.
r� �BININT�Ja1 Push a four-byte signed integer.
This handles the full range of Python (short) integers on a 32-bit
box, directly as binary bytes (1 for the opcode and 4 for the integer).
If the integer is non-negative and fits in 1 or 2 bytes, pickling via
BININT1 or BININT2 saves space.
�BININT1�Kz�Push a one-byte unsigned integer.
This is a space optimization for pickling very small non-negative ints,
in range(256).
�BININT2�Mz�Push a two-byte unsigned integer.
This is a space optimization for pickling small positive ints, in
range(256, 2**16). Integers in range(256) can also be pickled via
BININT2, but BININT1 instead saves a byte.
�LONG�La� Push a long integer.
The same as INT, except that the literal ends with 'L', and always
unpickles to a Python long. There doesn't seem a real purpose to the
trailing 'L'.
Note that LONG takes time quadratic in the number of digits when
unpickling (this is simply due to the nature of decimal->binary
conversion). Proto 2 added linear-time (in C; still quadratic-time
in Python) LONG1 and LONG4 opcodes.
�LONG1� z|Long integer using one-byte length.
A more efficient encoding of a Python long; the long1 encoding
says it all.�LONG4� z}Long integer using four-byte length.
A more efficient encoding of a Python long; the long4 encoding
says it all.�STRING�Sa� Push a Python string object.
The argument is a repr-style string, with bracketing quote characters,
and perhaps embedded escapes. The argument extends until the next
newline character. These are usually decoded into a str instance
using the encoding given to the Unpickler constructor. or the default,
'ASCII'. If the encoding given was 'bytes' however, they will be
decoded as bytes object instead.
� BINSTRING�Ta� Push a Python string object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 4-byte little-endian
signed int giving the number of bytes in the string, and the
second is that many bytes, which are taken literally as the string
content. These are usually decoded into a str instance using the
encoding given to the Unpickler constructor. or the default,
'ASCII'. If the encoding given was 'bytes' however, they will be
decoded as bytes object instead.
�SHORT_BINSTRING�Ua� Push a Python string object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 1-byte unsigned int giving
the number of bytes in the string, and the second is that many
bytes, which are taken literally as the string content. These are
usually decoded into a str instance using the encoding given to
the Unpickler constructor. or the default, 'ASCII'. If the
encoding given was 'bytes' however, they will be decoded as bytes
object instead.
�BINBYTES�B� z�Push a Python bytes object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 4-byte little-endian unsigned int
giving the number of bytes, and the second is that many bytes, which are
taken literally as the bytes content.
�SHORT_BINBYTES�Cz�Push a Python bytes object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 1-byte unsigned int giving
the number of bytes, and the second is that many bytes, which are taken
literally as the string content.
� BINBYTES8� z�Push a Python bytes object.
There are two arguments: the first is an 8-byte unsigned int giving
the number of bytes in the string, and the second is that many bytes,
which are taken literally as the string content.
�
BYTEARRAY8� � z�Push a Python bytearray object.
There are two arguments: the first is an 8-byte unsigned int giving
the number of bytes in the bytearray, and the second is that many bytes,
which are taken literally as the bytearray content.
� NEXT_BUFFER� z"Push an out-of-band buffer object.�READONLY_BUFFER� z,Make an out-of-band buffer object read-only.�NONE�NzPush None on the stack.�NEWTRUE� zPush True onto the stack.�NEWFALSE� zPush False onto the stack.�UNICODE�Vz�Push a Python Unicode string object.
The argument is a raw-unicode-escape encoding of a Unicode string,
and so may contain embedded escape sequences. The argument extends
until the next newline character.
�SHORT_BINUNICODE� a Push a Python Unicode string object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 1-byte little-endian signed int
giving the number of bytes in the string. The second is that many
bytes, and is the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string.
�
BINUNICODE�Xa Push a Python Unicode string object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 4-byte little-endian unsigned int
giving the number of bytes in the string. The second is that many
bytes, and is the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string.
� BINUNICODE8� a Push a Python Unicode string object.
There are two arguments: the first is an 8-byte little-endian signed int
giving the number of bytes in the string. The second is that many
bytes, and is the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string.
�FLOAT�Fa� Newline-terminated decimal float literal.
The argument is repr(a_float), and in general requires 17 significant
digits for roundtrip conversion to be an identity (this is so for
IEEE-754 double precision values, which is what Python float maps to
on most boxes).
In general, FLOAT cannot be used to transport infinities, NaNs, or
minus zero across boxes (or even on a single box, if the platform C
library can't read the strings it produces for such things -- Windows
is like that), but may do less damage than BINFLOAT on boxes with
greater precision or dynamic range than IEEE-754 double.
�BINFLOAT�Ga� Float stored in binary form, with 8 bytes of data.
This generally requires less than half the space of FLOAT encoding.
In general, BINFLOAT cannot be used to transport infinities, NaNs, or
minus zero, raises an exception if the exponent exceeds the range of
an IEEE-754 double, and retains no more than 53 bits of precision (if
there are more than that, "add a half and chop" rounding is used to
cut it back to 53 significant bits).
�
EMPTY_LIST�]zPush an empty list.�APPEND�az�Append an object to a list.
Stack before: ... pylist anyobject
Stack after: ... pylist+[anyobject]
although pylist is really extended in-place.
�APPENDS�ez�Extend a list by a slice of stack objects.
Stack before: ... pylist markobject stackslice
Stack after: ... pylist+stackslice
although pylist is really extended in-place.
�LIST�las Build a list out of the topmost stack slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
a single Python list, which single list object replaces all of the
stack from the topmost markobject onward. For example,
Stack before: ... markobject 1 2 3 'abc'
Stack after: ... [1, 2, 3, 'abc']
� EMPTY_TUPLE�)zPush an empty tuple.�TUPLE�tav Build a tuple out of the topmost stack slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
a single Python tuple, which single tuple object replaces all of the
stack from the topmost markobject onward. For example,
Stack before: ... markobject 1 2 3 'abc'
Stack after: ... (1, 2, 3, 'abc')
�TUPLE1�
z�Build a one-tuple out of the topmost item on the stack.
This code pops one value off the stack and pushes a tuple of
length 1 whose one item is that value back onto it. In other
words:
stack[-1] = tuple(stack[-1:])
�TUPLE2� a Build a two-tuple out of the top two items on the stack.
This code pops two values off the stack and pushes a tuple of
length 2 whose items are those values back onto it. In other
words:
stack[-2:] = [tuple(stack[-2:])]
�TUPLE3� a Build a three-tuple out of the top three items on the stack.
This code pops three values off the stack and pushes a tuple of
length 3 whose items are those values back onto it. In other
words:
stack[-3:] = [tuple(stack[-3:])]
�
EMPTY_DICT�}zPush an empty dict.�DICT�da� Build a dict out of the topmost stack slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
a single Python dict, which single dict object replaces all of the
stack from the topmost markobject onward. The stack slice alternates
key, value, key, value, .... For example,
Stack before: ... markobject 1 2 3 'abc'
Stack after: ... {1: 2, 3: 'abc'}
�SETITEMr~ z�Add a key+value pair to an existing dict.
Stack before: ... pydict key value
Stack after: ... pydict
where pydict has been modified via pydict[key] = value.
�SETITEMS�ua\ Add an arbitrary number of key+value pairs to an existing dict.
The slice of the stack following the topmost markobject is taken as
an alternating sequence of keys and values, added to the dict
immediately under the topmost markobject. Everything at and after the
topmost markobject is popped, leaving the mutated dict at the top
of the stack.
Stack before: ... pydict markobject key_1 value_1 ... key_n value_n
Stack after: ... pydict
where pydict has been modified via pydict[key_i] = value_i for i in
1, 2, ..., n, and in that order.
� EMPTY_SET� zPush an empty set.�ADDITEMS� a$ Add an arbitrary number of items to an existing set.
The slice of the stack following the topmost markobject is taken as
a sequence of items, added to the set immediately under the topmost
markobject. Everything at and after the topmost markobject is popped,
leaving the mutated set at the top of the stack.
Stack before: ... pyset markobject item_1 ... item_n
Stack after: ... pyset
where pyset has been modified via pyset.add(item_i) = item_i for i in
1, 2, ..., n, and in that order.
� FROZENSET� az Build a frozenset out of the topmost slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
a single Python frozenset, which single frozenset object replaces all
of the stack from the topmost markobject onward. For example,
Stack before: ... markobject 1 2 3
Stack after: ... frozenset({1, 2, 3})
�POP�0z<Discard the top stack item, shrinking the stack by one item.�DUP�2z=Push the top stack item onto the stack again, duplicating it.�MARK�(z�Push markobject onto the stack.
markobject is a unique object, used by other opcodes to identify a
region of the stack containing a variable number of objects for them
to work on. See markobject.doc for more detail.
�POP_MARK�1a Pop all the stack objects at and above the topmost markobject.
When an opcode using a variable number of stack objects is done,
POP_MARK is used to remove those objects, and to remove the markobject
that delimited their starting position on the stack.
�GET�gz�Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
The index of the memo object to push is given by the newline-terminated
decimal string following. BINGET and LONG_BINGET are space-optimized
versions.
�BINGET�hz�Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
The index of the memo object to push is given by the 1-byte unsigned
integer following.
� LONG_BINGET�jz�Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
The index of the memo object to push is given by the 4-byte unsigned
little-endian integer following.
�PUT�pz�Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
The index of the memo location to write into is given by the newline-
terminated decimal string following. BINPUT and LONG_BINPUT are
space-optimized versions.
�BINPUTrH z�Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
The index of the memo location to write into is given by the 1-byte
unsigned integer following.
� LONG_BINPUT�rz�Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
The index of the memo location to write into is given by the 4-byte
unsigned little-endian integer following.
�MEMOIZE� z�Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
The index of the memo location to write is the number of
elements currently present in the memo.
�EXT1� a� Extension code.
This code and the similar EXT2 and EXT4 allow using a registry
of popular objects that are pickled by name, typically classes.
It is envisioned that through a global negotiation and
registration process, third parties can set up a mapping between
ints and object names.
In order to guarantee pickle interchangeability, the extension
code registry ought to be global, although a range of codes may
be reserved for private use.
EXT1 has a 1-byte integer argument. This is used to index into the
extension registry, and the object at that index is pushed on the stack.
�EXT2� zNExtension code.
See EXT1. EXT2 has a two-byte integer argument.
�EXT4� zOExtension code.
See EXT1. EXT4 has a four-byte integer argument.
�GLOBAL�ca� Push a global object (module.attr) on the stack.
Two newline-terminated strings follow the GLOBAL opcode. The first is
taken as a module name, and the second as a class name. The class
object module.class is pushed on the stack. More accurately, the
object returned by self.find_class(module, class) is pushed on the
stack, so unpickling subclasses can override this form of lookup.
� STACK_GLOBAL� z7Push a global object (module.attr) on the stack.
�REDUCE�RaL Push an object built from a callable and an argument tuple.
The opcode is named to remind of the __reduce__() method.
Stack before: ... callable pytuple
Stack after: ... callable(*pytuple)
The callable and the argument tuple are the first two items returned
by a __reduce__ method. Applying the callable to the argtuple is
supposed to reproduce the original object, or at least get it started.
If the __reduce__ method returns a 3-tuple, the last component is an
argument to be passed to the object's __setstate__, and then the REDUCE
opcode is followed by code to create setstate's argument, and then a
BUILD opcode to apply __setstate__ to that argument.
If not isinstance(callable, type), REDUCE complains unless the
callable has been registered with the copyreg module's
safe_constructors dict, or the callable has a magic
'__safe_for_unpickling__' attribute with a true value. I'm not sure
why it does this, but I've sure seen this complaint often enough when
I didn't want to <wink>.
�BUILD�ba� Finish building an object, via __setstate__ or dict update.
Stack before: ... anyobject argument
Stack after: ... anyobject
where anyobject may have been mutated, as follows:
If the object has a __setstate__ method,
anyobject.__setstate__(argument)
is called.
Else the argument must be a dict, the object must have a __dict__, and
the object is updated via
anyobject.__dict__.update(argument)
�INST�iaq Build a class instance.
This is the protocol 0 version of protocol 1's OBJ opcode.
INST is followed by two newline-terminated strings, giving a
module and class name, just as for the GLOBAL opcode (and see
GLOBAL for more details about that). self.find_class(module, name)
is used to get a class object.
In addition, all the objects on the stack following the topmost
markobject are gathered into a tuple and popped (along with the
topmost markobject), just as for the TUPLE opcode.
Now it gets complicated. If all of these are true:
+ The argtuple is empty (markobject was at the top of the stack
at the start).
+ The class object does not have a __getinitargs__ attribute.
then we want to create an old-style class instance without invoking
its __init__() method (pickle has waffled on this over the years; not
calling __init__() is current wisdom). In this case, an instance of
an old-style dummy class is created, and then we try to rebind its
__class__ attribute to the desired class object. If this succeeds,
the new instance object is pushed on the stack, and we're done.
Else (the argtuple is not empty, it's not an old-style class object,
or the class object does have a __getinitargs__ attribute), the code
first insists that the class object have a __safe_for_unpickling__
attribute. Unlike as for the __safe_for_unpickling__ check in REDUCE,
it doesn't matter whether this attribute has a true or false value, it
only matters whether it exists (XXX this is a bug). If
__safe_for_unpickling__ doesn't exist, UnpicklingError is raised.
Else (the class object does have a __safe_for_unpickling__ attr),
the class object obtained from INST's arguments is applied to the
argtuple obtained from the stack, and the resulting instance object
is pushed on the stack.
NOTE: checks for __safe_for_unpickling__ went away in Python 2.3.
NOTE: the distinction between old-style and new-style classes does
not make sense in Python 3.
�OBJ�oa� Build a class instance.
This is the protocol 1 version of protocol 0's INST opcode, and is
very much like it. The major difference is that the class object
is taken off the stack, allowing it to be retrieved from the memo
repeatedly if several instances of the same class are created. This
can be much more efficient (in both time and space) than repeatedly
embedding the module and class names in INST opcodes.
Unlike INST, OBJ takes no arguments from the opcode stream. Instead
the class object is taken off the stack, immediately above the
topmost markobject:
Stack before: ... markobject classobject stackslice
Stack after: ... new_instance_object
As for INST, the remainder of the stack above the markobject is
gathered into an argument tuple, and then the logic seems identical,
except that no __safe_for_unpickling__ check is done (XXX this is
a bug). See INST for the gory details.
NOTE: In Python 2.3, INST and OBJ are identical except for how they
get the class object. That was always the intent; the implementations
had diverged for accidental reasons.
�NEWOBJ� aL Build an object instance.
The stack before should be thought of as containing a class
object followed by an argument tuple (the tuple being the stack
top). Call these cls and args. They are popped off the stack,
and the value returned by cls.__new__(cls, *args) is pushed back
onto the stack.
� NEWOBJ_EX� au Build an object instance.
The stack before should be thought of as containing a class
object followed by an argument tuple and by a keyword argument dict
(the dict being the stack top). Call these cls and args. They are
popped off the stack, and the value returned by
cls.__new__(cls, *args, *kwargs) is pushed back onto the stack.
�PROTO� z�Protocol version indicator.
For protocol 2 and above, a pickle must start with this opcode.
The argument is the protocol version, an int in range(2, 256).
�STOP�.z�Stop the unpickling machine.
Every pickle ends with this opcode. The object at the top of the stack
is popped, and that's the result of unpickling. The stack should be
empty then.
�FRAME� z�Indicate the beginning of a new frame.
The unpickler may use this opcode to safely prefetch data from its
underlying stream.
�PERSID�Pa Push an object identified by a persistent ID.
The pickle module doesn't define what a persistent ID means. PERSID's
argument is a newline-terminated str-style (no embedded escapes, no
bracketing quote characters) string, which *is* "the persistent ID".
The unpickler passes this string to self.persistent_load(). Whatever
object that returns is pushed on the stack. There is no implementation
of persistent_load() in Python's unpickler: it must be supplied by an
unpickler subclass.
� BINPERSID�QaX Push an object identified by a persistent ID.
Like PERSID, except the persistent ID is popped off the stack (instead
of being a string embedded in the opcode bytestream). The persistent
ID is passed to self.persistent_load(), and whatever object that
returns is pushed on the stack. See PERSID for more detail.
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>>> import pickle
>>> x = [1, 2, (3, 4), {b'abc': "def"}]
>>> pkl0 = pickle.dumps(x, 0)
>>> dis(pkl0)
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: I INT 1
8: a APPEND
9: I INT 2
12: a APPEND
13: ( MARK
14: I INT 3
17: I INT 4
20: t TUPLE (MARK at 13)
21: p PUT 1
24: a APPEND
25: ( MARK
26: d DICT (MARK at 25)
27: p PUT 2
30: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
46: p PUT 3
49: ( MARK
50: V UNICODE 'abc'
55: p PUT 4
58: V UNICODE 'latin1'
66: p PUT 5
69: t TUPLE (MARK at 49)
70: p PUT 6
73: R REDUCE
74: p PUT 7
77: V UNICODE 'def'
82: p PUT 8
85: s SETITEM
86: a APPEND
87: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
Try again with a "binary" pickle.
>>> pkl1 = pickle.dumps(x, 1)
>>> dis(pkl1)
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: K BININT1 1
6: K BININT1 2
8: ( MARK
9: K BININT1 3
11: K BININT1 4
13: t TUPLE (MARK at 8)
14: q BINPUT 1
16: } EMPTY_DICT
17: q BINPUT 2
19: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
35: q BINPUT 3
37: ( MARK
38: X BINUNICODE 'abc'
46: q BINPUT 4
48: X BINUNICODE 'latin1'
59: q BINPUT 5
61: t TUPLE (MARK at 37)
62: q BINPUT 6
64: R REDUCE
65: q BINPUT 7
67: X BINUNICODE 'def'
75: q BINPUT 8
77: s SETITEM
78: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
79: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Exercise the INST/OBJ/BUILD family.
>>> import pickletools
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(pickletools.dis, 0))
0: c GLOBAL 'pickletools dis'
17: p PUT 0
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> from pickletools import _Example
>>> x = [_Example(42)] * 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
30: p PUT 1
33: ( MARK
34: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
56: p PUT 2
59: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
79: p PUT 3
82: N NONE
83: t TUPLE (MARK at 33)
84: p PUT 4
87: R REDUCE
88: p PUT 5
91: ( MARK
92: d DICT (MARK at 91)
93: p PUT 6
96: V UNICODE 'value'
103: p PUT 7
106: I INT 42
110: s SETITEM
111: b BUILD
112: a APPEND
113: g GET 5
116: a APPEND
117: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
29: q BINPUT 1
31: ( MARK
32: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
54: q BINPUT 2
56: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
76: q BINPUT 3
78: N NONE
79: t TUPLE (MARK at 31)
80: q BINPUT 4
82: R REDUCE
83: q BINPUT 5
85: } EMPTY_DICT
86: q BINPUT 6
88: X BINUNICODE 'value'
98: q BINPUT 7
100: K BININT1 42
102: s SETITEM
103: b BUILD
104: h BINGET 5
106: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
107: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try "the canonical" recursive-object test.
>>> L = []
>>> T = L,
>>> L.append(T)
>>> L[0] is T
True
>>> T[0] is L
True
>>> L[0][0] is L
True
>>> T[0][0] is T
True
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: g GET 0
9: t TUPLE (MARK at 5)
10: p PUT 1
13: a APPEND
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: h BINGET 0
6: t TUPLE (MARK at 3)
7: q BINPUT 1
9: a APPEND
10: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Note that, in the protocol 0 pickle of the recursive tuple, the disassembler
has to emulate the stack in order to realize that the POP opcode at 16 gets
rid of the MARK at 0.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: ( MARK
2: l LIST (MARK at 1)
3: p PUT 0
6: ( MARK
7: g GET 0
10: t TUPLE (MARK at 6)
11: p PUT 1
14: a APPEND
15: 0 POP
16: 0 POP (MARK at 0)
17: g GET 1
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 1))
0: ( MARK
1: ] EMPTY_LIST
2: q BINPUT 0
4: ( MARK
5: h BINGET 0
7: t TUPLE (MARK at 4)
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 1 POP_MARK (MARK at 0)
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try protocol 2.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 0 POP
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
Try protocol 3 with annotations:
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 3), annotate=1)
0: \x80 PROTO 3 Protocol version indicator.
2: ] EMPTY_LIST Push an empty list.
3: q BINPUT 0 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
5: h BINGET 0 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
7: \x85 TUPLE1 Build a one-tuple out of the topmost item on the stack.
8: q BINPUT 1 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
10: a APPEND Append an object to a list.
11: 0 POP Discard the top stack item, shrinking the stack by one item.
12: h BINGET 1 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
14: . STOP Stop the unpickling machine.
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
a=
>>> import pickle
>>> import io
>>> f = io.BytesIO()
>>> p = pickle.Pickler(f, 2)
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> f.seek(0)
0
>>> memo = {}
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: K BININT1 1
8: K BININT1 2
10: K BININT1 3
12: e APPENDS (MARK at 5)
13: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
14: \x80 PROTO 2
16: h BINGET 0
18: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
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